Oral Candida carriage in smokers and tobacco users: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

ObjectiveTo synthesize evidence from observational studies that evaluated the association between smoking and smokeless tobacco with oral Candida carriage.MethodsFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, we searched through PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus without restrictions until April 2020 for studies that assessed this association. Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed by two independent authors using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A fixed-effect meta-analysis was performed due to insignificant heterogeneity between studies.ResultsWe identified 14 studies that were eligible for inclusion in this review. The pooled odds ratio (OR; six studies) for Candida carriage among smokers and non-smokers was 2.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47, 3.14; I² = 8%; P < 0.0001). The OR (five studies) for Candida carriage among smokeless tobacco users and non-users was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.29, 2.44; I² = 46%; P = 0.0004).ConclusionOur findings suggest a significant relationship between smoking/smokeless tobacco users and oral Candida carriage. However, observational studies cannot clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or the result of some unmeasured confounding variables. Therefore, continued efforts to measure the association between smoking and oral Candida carriage are required.     

正常人牙特点在固定矫治器中的应用

目的　探讨使用固定矫治器治疗中国错畸形患者时的注意事项。方法　比较恒牙列正常中国人与白种人的牙冠突距、冠角、牙冠转矩及磨牙补偿角的差异,以及测量正常中国人牙冠唇颊面中心区的近远中向、龈向轮廓形态和牙弓形态。结果　正常的特征、牙弓形态以及牙冠唇颊面中心区的近远中向和龈向轮廓形态,在中国人与白种人间存在人种差异。结论　使用方丝弓、直丝弓矫治器治疗中国错畸形患者时,弓丝弯制中应进行必要的调整,有必要设计适合于中国人使用的直丝弓矫治器。     

Effects of specular component on color differences of different filler type resin composites after aging

Objective

This study evaluated the effects of specular component mode of specular component excluded (SCE) and specular component included (SCI) on color changes of different filler type resin composites after aging of 1 week and 1 year.

Methods

Resin composites and shades used in this study were submicron-filled Estelite Σ (Σ: Inc, A2, A3, B3, C2, OA2, OA3) and nanofilled Filtek Supreme XT (XT: Clear, A2E, A2B, A3B, C2B, A2D, A3D). Resin disks of 2 mm in thickness and final polish with 2400-grit silicon carbide paper were stored in 100% relative humidity. One-week and 1-year after curing, the colors of the composite disks were measured with a spectrophotometer in SCI and SCE modes.

Results

For both 1-week and 1-year specimens, the values of L* with SCI were significantly higher than SCE for all shades of Σ and XT; however, a* and b* were depended on brands and shades. Comparing 1-week and 1-year values, ΔE*ab ranged 1.5 (A3 and B3)–2.9 (Inc) with SCI and 1.4 (A3)–2.9 (Inc) with SCE for Σ, and 1.1 (A3D)–7.1 (Clear) with SCI and 1.4 (A3D)–7.6 (Clear) with SCE for XT. The values of ΔE*ab with SCE were higher than those of SCI for all shades of XT; however, for Σ, the differences varied with shades.

Conclusion

Specular component mode (SCE vs. SCI) significantly influenced L* values; however, the color differences affected by aging were dependent on brands and shades of the resin composites tested.     

SY-1硅橡胶固化前后颜色的变化

目的:研究SY-1硅橡胶固化前后颜色的变化,为临床赝复体的比配色提供指导。方法:用美能达(CS-321)便携式色差仪测试SY-1硅橡胶固化前后的色度值L*、a*、b*,根据色差公式△E=[(△L)2 (△a)2 (△b)2]1/2,计算出其固化前后的色差。结果:根据对10个样本固化前后色度值的测定,得出SY-1硅橡胶固化前后色差为1.92±0.23。结论:SY-1硅橡胶固化前后材料颜色发生了变化,主要表现为肉眼可识别明度增加。     

三种常用比色板色度值的比较研究

目的:比较研究3种常用比色板的色度值差别,以指导临床及技工室制作瓷修复体。方法:将比色板每一色片分成上中下、左中右9个象限,分别测试每1象限的Lab值,并对不同比色板相同编号色片进行两两比较。结果:3种常用比色板同一编号色片在同一部位的色度差值(△Eab)范围是:1.67～22.83NBS,超出肉眼可分辨的范围1.5NBS。结论:不同比色板同一色片之间存在肉眼可分辨的色度差,建议医师在登记比色结果时,应注明所用比色板的厂家名称,技工应采用相应比色板厂家的瓷粉完成瓷修复体。     

喹硫平在中国精神分裂症及情感性障碍患者中的群体药代动力学研究

目的：用非线性混合效应模型（NONMEM）方法建立喹硫平在中国精神分裂症及情感性障碍患者中的群体药代动力学（PPK）模型并研究其影响因素。方法：回顾性收集304例患者的485份血药浓度数据及临床资料,血药浓度为临床常规监测采集的稳态谷浓度。采用NONMEM 软件建立中国精神分裂症及情感性障碍患者的群体药代动力学模型,并考察生理指标以及实验室指标等对喹硫平药代动力学参数的影响。采用拟合优度诊断图、自举法（bootstrap）和正态化预测分布误差法（NPDE）进行模型评估。结果：最终模型中喹硫平的表观清除率（CL/F）和表观分布容积（V/F）的群体典型值分别为 83 L·h-1和 1350 L。协变量分析结果显示年龄对喹硫平的CL/F具有显著性影响,建立的最终模型CL/F参数公式如下：CL/F（L·h-1）= 83 × (AGE /43.1)-0.301。CL/F的个体间变异和残差变异分别为20.8%和11.1%。结论：本研究为首次在中国精神分裂症及情感性障碍患者中开展的喹硫平的群体药代动力学研究,模型验证显示最终模型具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,可为其临床个体化给药提供参考依据。     

Systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in outcomes after endovascular aneurysm repair for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm

ObjectiveWomen face distinctive challenges when they receive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) treatment, and according to the previous studies, sex differences in outcomes after EVAR for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the short-term and long-term outcomes between women and men after EVAR for infrarenal AAA.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of all available studies reporting sex differences after EVAR for infrarenal AAA, which were retrieved from the MEDICINE, Embase, and Cochrane Database. The pooled results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous data and hazard ratios for time-to-event data using a random effect model.ResultsThirty-six cohorts were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that women were associated with a significantly increased risk of 30-day mortality (crude OR, 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-1.87; P < .001; adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.32-2.26; P < .001), in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.43-2.53; P < .001), limb ischemia (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.73-2.43; P < .001), renal complications (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.12-2.67; P = .028), cardiac complications (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.01-2.80; P = .046), and long-term all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.38; P = .001) compared with men; however, no significant sex difference was observed for visceral/mesenteric ischemia (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.91-2.88; P = .098), 30-day reinterventions (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.95-1.98; P = .095), late endoleaks (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.88-1.56; P = .264), and late reinterventions (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.78-1.41; P = .741). In the intact AAA subgroup, women had a significantly increased risk of visceral/mesenteric ischemia (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.01-3.39; P = .046) and an equivalent risk of cardiac complications (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.85-3.17; P = .138) compared with men.ConclusionsCompared with male sex, female sex is associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, limb ischemia, renal complications, cardiac complications, and long-term all-cause mortality after EVAR for infrarenal AAA. Women should be enrolled in a strict and regular long-term surveillance after EVAR.     

Social participation in persons with upper limb amputation receiving an esthetic prosthesis

Study DesignQualitative study.IntroductionAn amputation injury to the hand may lead to not only impaired hand function but also psychosocial consequences.Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of the study was to explore personal experiences of social participation for persons provided with an esthetic prosthesis after acquired upper limb amputation.MethodsThirteen persons with acquired upper limb amputation, who were in need of and had received an esthetic prosthesis, were interviewed. The transcribed text was subjected to content analysis.ResultsThe emotional reactions to a visibly different hand were linked to a changed appearance and a feeling of being exposed. Recollecting the accident could result in nightmares and sleeping disorders. A change of personality, due to sadness after the amputation was expressed, as well as social insecurity and impact on relations and life roles. Adapting to social challenges comprised hiding or exposing the hand, using personal internal resources and receiving support from others. The esthetic prosthesis contributed to an intact appearance and could serve as a facilitator for initial or long-term social participation. The time that had passed since the injury made it easier to deal with the consequences or in achieving acceptance.DiscussionCoping with emotions and social relations after an acquired amputation can be difficult and complex.ConclusionsIndividual needs must be considered and questions about appearance and how it may affect social participation must be asked. An esthetic prosthesis can normalize the appearance and offer the confidence needed to facilitate social participation in those struggling with appearance-related concerns.